Capone and his milk

[Ozgoz]

Hopefully this isn't old news to everyone but I just read that Capone and his brother Ralph were responsible for the law in regards to putting expiration dates on milk?!

[Villain]

I believe that the Outfit was involved in the grading of the milk such as Grade A milk and benefited from it by infiltrating the diary unions and favored their own companies.

[Ozgoz]

Lol sounds more like it.

[Villain]

Lol sounds more like it.

Yeah i wrote about it in one of my articles...heres the part...

Murray Humphreys, corner stone for the Chicago Mob and at the same time, one of the most important individuals within the organization. He wasn’t Italian but instead he was a Welshman who operated same as any other Mafia boss from around the country. It seems like he was in charge of the union rackets since day one, by belonging to a special crew which was mainly involved in the same illegal activities. But do not forget that this was Cosa Nostra, meaning only Italians were in charge or at least oversaw the operations, including Capone members Charles Fischetti and Louis Romano. According to the testimony of one Mob informer which occurred two decades later, under Capone, this particular group of Italian and non-Italian gangsters began forming a criminal network for dominating all teamster union locals in Chicago but their reputed aim was to gain control of the delivery of all common stuff which the city depended on, particularly food. So one of the most important food products in those days was milk and yes, for those who did not know, milk is considered food instead of beverage mainly because when consumed by individuals with normal health, it provides the necessary nutrients for growth and maintenance of the human body in all ages. In those days, milk was placed on every doorstep, every morning by the milk drivers, who in turn worked for some legit company, which in fact belonged to some union. And in reality, even though they are not considered the same thing, the milk business was way better than bootlegging booze, mainly because it was legal and in those days it represented a product which everybody wanted it on daily basis. Now I know that most of us would say that booze is more expensive and was being drunk in those days in quite huge amounts, thus also creating huge amounts of cash but the truth was different. I mean, for example just think about the thousands of huge Italian families at the time who numbered more than a dozen family members and were forced to buy a couple of gallons of fresh milk every day for their children and everyone else in the family. So my personal belief is that at the time the number of milk consumers was much higher rather than the people who enjoyed alcohol. 


At the beginning of 1931, rumours began floating that the first union which was believed to have been selected by the gangsters as the first point of penetration in their racketeering program was the Milk Wagon Drivers’ Union Local 753, with headquarters at 220 South Ashland Avenue. The union was officially organized back in 1903 and by this time it counted more than 7,000 members, a treasury of $1,000,000 and an annual income of $935,000, which obviously were the prefect reasons for the racketeers’ taste. Since then, the delivery of milk in Chicago was completely unionized and out of their funds the union paid benefits for sickness, unemployment, and other troubles that came to working people. However, this particular union also proved to be quite a “tough nut” for the crime syndicate and their violent tactics. At the beginning, some of the top union officials began noticing sudden “outsiders” who were mixing among their men at union’s headquarters and in no time, a delegation of top Chicago hoodlums descended at the location, which in fact represented a solid old brick mansion. They threw open the door and confronted Ray Bryant, the union cashier, who in turn had to face Humphreys, Jack White, Klondike O'Donnell, James Summons, Marcus Looney and Louis Romano. “You tell that old son of a bitch," announced Humphreys, "that next time we come loaded for bear, we're taking over this joint." The gangsters’ demand for extortion of the union for hundreds of thousands of dollars was followed by a constant refusal, and so the first move was the murder of William Rooney, who in turn was one of the main architects of the union and was shot to death on the streets in March, 1931. As I previously stated, that the Mob at first rarely used such violence, but obviously they were in fear because their main financial income was about to be finished forever and milk was the new future for them. Next on the list was Patrick Burrell, the vice-president of the Teamsters Union, who in turn was taken for a ride and also shot to death. 


Obviously the kidnapping of the union’s president Robert Fitchie, which occurred in December that same year, was again orchestrated by Humphreys and his gang and this was in fact something different than a murder, meaning this time they wanted for their demands to be taken quite seriously and sent a final warning for the rest of the union’s administration which now was led by one Steve Sumner, a business agent and also secretary for the milk drivers. You see, Sumner was in his mid 70’s and was an old man, but still the guy was very tough and wasn’t afraid from the Mob. So the gangsters contacted him and demanded a $50,000 ransom for the release of Fitchie, or else. The next day, Sumner was told to wait on such location which in fact was a public school on the city’s South Side and according to him, an automobile slowly approached behind him which was allegedly driven by Humphreys, George Barker and also Jack White, a known union racketeer and murderer from the West Side. The kidnappers planned the transfer at the exact same time when it was closing hour for the school and hundreds of children were pouring out through the doors, across the street and along the sidewalk. Obviously this was only a tactic of the kidnappers so no one would even think of making a move, meaning a shot could not have been fired because of the many nearby children. The first two who got out were Barker and White who in turn were carrying sub-machine guns and waited while Humphreys went to Sumner's car, opened the rear door, took the ransom money and they went back into their car and hurried away. That same night, the union president was returned to his home unharmed, but a shaken man. During that period, no Chicago prosecutor ever bothered Humphreys about the alleged snatching, which shows the Mob’s power at the time and infiltration within the city’s system. In addition, few weeks after the money transfer, George Barker was shot to death by Jack White and one Johnny Moore a.k.a. Claude Maddox. Story goes that he wanted a bigger share of the ransom money and after he was killed, his share which now was covered in blood, went straight into Romano’s pockets. 


In June 1932, the Mob decided to pay a personal visit to Sumner, in which he witnessed from a close range one shotgun, one sub-machinegun and three pistols, all pointed into his face. According to the report, Sumner identified the racketeers as Murray Humphreys, Marcus Looney, Robert O’Malley and Klondike O’Donnell, all belonging or being in alliance with the Capone syndicate at the time. According to Sumner’s testimony, the guy who did the talking was Humphreys and he sounded like a well educated fellow, but his language was tough and he allegedly started the conversation by saying "Steve, in your time it was brass knuckles, now it is machine guns and bombs.” After that Humphreys told Sumner that his days were long gone and did not know anymore on how to make some real money out of the union. But when Humphreys found out that there was no reasoning with the old man, he got mad and offered him a $100,000 “buyout” cash and on top of that he even told the truth in which he was planning to get involved in the milk business and demanded an approval from Sumner to operate for six weeks with non-union drivers until he, meaning Humphreys, could get organized. "Tribute?" Humphreys asked, "If you want it from the milk companies a few sticks of dynamite will do the trick. If you want it from the mugs out driving the wagons, a pair of brass knuckles and a blackjack will get it. We'll get the tribute all right and if you don't want to split with us, we’ll give you a hundred grand to get out." Later Humphreys added that Prohibition was soon going to end and he had to find some business to take care of his beer runners and that is why, he intended to force the larger companies to buy milk from his future company. Sumner told him that he wasn't interested and that he wouldn't supply union drivers for hoodlums and he, meaning Humphreys, was wasting his breath for the talking. Then Humphreys said that he would cut in Sumner for a share of all the profits and that he would run the drivers' union along with the Mob. In the end, Sumner again showed his fearless tactics by saying to Humphreys that beer and milk don’t mix together and again refused the proposal. When the gangsters began leaving his office, while standing at the door, Humphreys strongly reminded Sumner to think over his decision. 


As I previously stated that Sumner was a real tough guy and Humphreys might’ve been wrong because during Sumner’s days, there wasn’t only brass knuckles but instead, there were also many bombings, which was sort of a signature of the old guard. Proof for that is during that same year, or during the opening of Humphreys’ company which occurred on May 19 and became known as the Meadowmoor Dairies Inc., located at 1334 South Peoria St. on the city’s Lower West Side, suddenly a bomb exploded in its premises but luckily no one was hurt. Obviously this was Sumner’s way of saying “no” and the Mob got the message and in a short time period, they responded with the bombing of the Dairy Association plants, thus creating a literal “Milk War”, which lasted until the end of the year. For example, in August that same year, the old brownstone union headquarters has been transformed into a fortress in expectation of an attack by the Mob. From an attic room across the street a police squad covered the head- quarters throughout the daylight hours with a machine gun, ready to open fire at a prearranged signal from the fortified house. The front doors stood ajar, but the offices within were covered with armour plates, the windows were shaded with steel mesh screens and as for the union officials they received their guests only after inspecting them through peepholes set with bullet-proof glass. Also in the back yard there was a remodelled taxicab, painted black, armour plated with bulletproof glass, while Sumner rambling all day long that he was in a fight against the Mob to the finish. From that point on, war was declared and all of the city’s attention was turned on the situation, which quickly filled the newspapers. In more than a dozen of these occurrences, involving window-smashing, bombings, burnings, the wrecking of trucks, shootings, and beatings, there were many testimonies regarding the identification of the wrongdoers as union men and hoodlums.


So all of the attention wasn’t good for the Mob and so they decided to go to battle in a different kind of way. You see, Humphreys had another and quite smarter solution mainly because he was different from the rest of his criminal cohorts by knowing something about economics, politics and the law and he had the whole thing planned since the start of it. When Humphreys requested for the murder of the vice-president of the Teamsters Union one year earlier, after that he quickly installed his own people thus creating the union in something which resembled like branch of the Mob. So with the help of the Teamsters, the Mob managed to create close contacts with Cook County State’s Attorney Investigator Tubbo Gilbert, who in turn, knowingly or unknowingly, helped the Capone Mob through his contacts to infiltrate Chicago’s City Council and lobbied for laws so they can create their own favourable market conditions. The trick was in Humphrey’s secret lobbying for the grading of all dairy products, including milk, which obviously the point was for the Mob-controlled Meadowmoor firm to begin selling Grade “A” milk only in city limits and to destroy all competitors which supplied lesser grade of the same product. On top of that they also used the City Council to fix prices, meaning by that time Chicago paid 12 cents a quart for milk, whether delivered on credit at the doorstep or sold on a cash and carry basis in stores, but later the Mob allegedly managed to fix the price at 8 cents a quarter, thus eliminating the competition and began creating a monopoly. The so-called “scheme” also involved individuals of the Chicago board of health such as Dr. Herman Bundesen, as well as officials of the Milk Drivers Union, who later switched sides or in other words,
were possibly paid off.


Sumner continuously tried to warn the government that if the Meadowmoor dairy succeeds in building up a business at 8 or 9 cents a quart, certain well-known gangsters with huge criminal records will be able to take over control of the milk drivers. To these allegations, the Mob’s front man C. C. Davis, who in turn was the president of their company, made emphatic denials by saying "I have nothing to do with gangsters, and I never saw one in my life. All I know about them is what I read in the newspapers. None of those men has anything to do with this concern. We are going to start delivering milk in the morning. We already have contracts that are about to be filled. The milk will be up to the health department standards and we have been issued a permit to distribute by the city health department, and its every bit as good as the 11 cent milk which now is being distributed. It indicates that the monopoly which has been holding up the babies of Chicago for many years has its back to the wall. What is racketeering if it isn't taking 2 cents more a quart for milk than is justified? Our office is going to give this organization, the Meadowmoor Diaries, every legal aid in its fight to reduce the price of an absolute necessity to the children of Chicago. As for attempts to link this concern to racketeers in any way, the charges are false in their entirety. All we ask is that the public to investigate and not have the wool pulled over their eyes." To tell you the truth, I believe that with this statement Davis managed to capture the hearts of the readers and also every other poor citizen, whose additional two cents really meant something for them. Later, the police and federal officials questioned Humphreys about the Meadowmoor firm and also questioned its officials regarding Humphreys. Privately, Humphreys obviously would’ve possibly admitted to his cohorts that he was in the milk business, but according to some reports, he wasn't telling anything about anything to anybody, since he didn't want anyone to know about his own legit or illegal income. 


In no time, the Meadowmoor Diary began to drive its competitors in the dairy business one by one out of the market by following the plan of selling Grade A dairy products. So with all the effort, in the end the law was passed which states that high quality milk could not be sold as fresh milk more than 72 hours after it left the cow and it clearly stamped the date on milk bottles where the consumer could read and understand it. When Humphreys and the Mob succeeded in passing the law passed, they did not do this out of care for the everyday citizens, but instead they have obviously done this because of huge profits, I mean, if the Mob took at least a couple of cents from every glass of milk which was poured in the state of Illinois or even the city of Chicago, then it must’ve been one quite lucrative scheme. On top of that, this so-called practice was later used for all meat, fish and dairy distributors across the country, which again opened the doors for many Mob-controlled businesses to enter the market. Even though the Mob succeeded in its goal, still the war with Milk Drivers’ Union was far from over, or in other words, I believe that the main point of the conflict was the personal grudge between Humphreys and Sumner. In 1934, the veteran union leader fearlessly decided to testify under oath in front of a grand jury regarding the $50,000 ransom which he paid to Humphreys regarding the kidnapping of Fitchie, which occurred back in 1931. Sumner’s testimony was given in the United States courthouse before Bolon B. Turner, member of the United States Tax Board of Appeals and Master in Chancery George E. Q. Johnson who in turn, quickly ordered for the federal agents to find Humphreys and arrest him on a charge of evading income tax payments. The funny thing was that Humphreys did not deny getting the money, which the government sought to collect $37,000 tax on the ransom and so that same year, Humphreys was sent to prison for income tax evasion.


After serving 18 months in jail, Humphreys was back on the streets and was quickly labelled by the government as Public Enemy No. 1 and the scandal wasn’t over yet. In November of 1936, Cook County State’s Attorney Investigator Tubbo Gilbert and Dr. Herman Bundesen were indicted for allegedly helping the Teamsters fix milk retail prices in Chicago. Despite the numerous testimonies and hundreds of evidences, still the case quickly went down the toilet and story goes that the States Attorney at the time, refused to bring the case to court and allegedly refused for Tubbo Gilbert to resign from his position. So with nowhere else to go, it was reported the other large dairies and also union members began encouraging Sumner to make peace with the Meadowmoor, but the reality for the union was different. My personal belief is that Sumner could’ve not overlook the fact that the ordinary citizens were “blinded” with the “illusion” of lower prices and high quality product, which was obviously good for them, but it was the opposite for the union drivers. I mean even today there are some articles in which the authors stated that we should be thankful to the Chicago Outfit for helping in passing the law for the grading of all dairy products. But the union’s problem was that the Meadowmoor company sold their product at 8 cents per quart, while the unionized home delivery milk cost 13 cents per quart. So this meant that differential of 4 cents per quart, sent the ordinary citizens to carrying their milk home from the food stores, instead of being carried by the milk drivers straight to their homes. According to some reports, the number of unionized milk delivery routes in the Chicago area dwindled from 7,000 to 4,000 in a very short time period and many wagon drivers lost their jobs, and on top of that, the Meadowmoor employed only non-union drivers, thus forcing the workers to get out of the union. To make things even worst, Sumner again testified against Humphrey’s actions, which quickly formed a rebel faction within his union and that same year he and Fitchie were unseated from their high positions within the organization.


In plane words, it was a win-win situation for Humphreys and the Mob, and as for Sumner and the rest of his administration, they were on the losing side. So the new administration began “cooking” plans for collaboration with the Meadowmoor and its unionization, which occurred during the next decade. It was obviously their only solution since the change was already done. I mean, they were even forced to reduce their drivers and also the cost of home delivery to a minimum since more and more of the business went to the food stores, which a quite large percentage were supplied by the Meadowmoor company. In reality, Humphreys made the unthinkable for one quite ruthless criminal, who grew up on the cold streets of Chicago and opened the doors in the legitimate world for the rest of his criminal cohorts. This particular scheme managed to place him among the top guys of the Mob’s administration, which by now was led only by Chicago’s Italian faction, including Paul Ricca and Louis Campagna.

[Ozgoz]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

[Villain]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

Thanks man and i get what you're saying and you're right. But some of these fellas used to be like gladiators, meaning according to some written material some guys (obviously the ones who avoided being killed) never showed any regrets while being on their deathbeds and in the presence of a priest. In other words, some entered "Hell" with their heads up

[Eline2015]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

Thanks man and i get what you're saying and you're right. But some of these fellas used to be like gladiators, meaning according to some written material some guys (obviously the ones who avoided being killed) never showed any regrets while being on their deathbeds and in the presence of a priest. In other words, some entered "Hell" with their heads up

Great, as always, Vil. Please, tell something more about the Outfit and unions, especially about so-called "Big Four"

[Villain]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

Thanks man and i get what you're saying and you're right. But some of these fellas used to be like gladiators, meaning according to some written material some guys (obviously the ones who avoided being killed) never showed any regrets while being on their deathbeds and in the presence of a priest. In other words, some entered "Hell" with their heads up

Great, as always, Vil. Please, tell something more about the Outfit and unions, especially about so-called "Big Four"

Thanks man. As you probably read that the so-called Big Four of the Outfit was formed by Murray Humphreys, Claude Maddox, Danny Stanton and above all Frank Nitto. You see, during the 1930s Nitto was the leading figure in taking over the unions, especially the movie and theatre. But he also had jurisdiction over the rest of the members who were involved in it or in other words, Nitto had the last word on all union matters with his right hand man Louis Romano and also possibly with one Anthony D'Andrea. This was the main reason for which the media and the cops thought that Nitto was the boss and the second reason came later with the testimony of Willie Bioff regarding the Hollywood extortion case.

For example, by the mid 1930’s the president of Chicago Moving Picture Operators union Thomas Malloy was killed and the main suspect was Maddox. Also by the late 1930’s Maddox together with Stanton took over the AFL Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union and the Bartenders International League of America. Maddox and Stanton controlled the Chicago Hotel and Restaurant Employees Local Joint Board and District Craft Council, in which all of the International's local unions held membership. The two gangsters plan was to destroy the local autonomy of all the member locals by setting up a master contract for negotiations with employers, thus the council would direct the destinies of over 35000 hotel and restaurant workers. By 1940 Maddox alone was in control of local 450 of the Bartenders, Waiters, Waitresses, and Miscellaneous Workers' union at 2137 South Cicero Avenue, Cicero. He was listed in the local’s books as a member and officer and in 1941 he was a delegate at the International's convention in Cincinnati, Ohio as a representative of local 450. When the news reporters learned about Maddox’s involvement they asked William Kerr, the secretary-treasurer of the Cicero local, if this was true? Kerr denied any connection between Maddox and his union but the records and investigations said otherwise. They even took control over Local 450 with the help of Romano, who also installed himself as head of Local 278 of the Bartenders Union in Chicago. 

In reality, it was the Chicago Crime Commission which labeled all of these fellas as public enemies and the media also quickly labeled them as the Big Four.

The whole thing crumbled when Nitto killed himself in 1943 and later all of the top administration went to jail regarding union racketeering. And that same year Stanton was also eliminated and the only two guys who remained at the top were Maddox and Humphreys. When Maddox went to prison in 1957 and died the next year, Humphreys received the last word on all union activities until his death in 1965.

[Eline2015]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

Thanks man and i get what you're saying and you're right. But some of these fellas used to be like gladiators, meaning according to some written material some guys (obviously the ones who avoided being killed) never showed any regrets while being on their deathbeds and in the presence of a priest. In other words, some entered "Hell" with their heads up

Great, as always, Vil. Please, tell something more about the Outfit and unions, especially about so-called "Big Four"

Thanks man. As you probably read that the so-called Big Four of the Outfit was formed by Murray Humphreys, Claude Maddox, Danny Stanton and above all Frank Nitto. You see, during the 1930s Nitto was the leading figure in taking over the unions, especially the movie and theatre. But he also had jurisdiction over the rest of the members who were involved in it or in other words, Nitto had the last word on all union matters with his right hand man Louis Romano and also possibly with one Anthony D'Andrea. This was the main reason for which the media and the cops thought that Nitto was the boss and the second reason came later with the testimony of Willie Bioff regarding the Hollywood extortion case.

For example, by the mid 1930’s the president of Chicago Moving Picture Operators union Thomas Malloy was killed and the main suspect was Maddox. Also by the late 1930’s Maddox together with Stanton took over the AFL Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union and the Bartenders International League of America. Maddox and Stanton controlled the Chicago Hotel and Restaurant Employees Local Joint Board and District Craft Council, in which all of the International's local unions held membership. The two gangsters plan was to destroy the local autonomy of all the member locals by setting up a master contract for negotiations with employers, thus the council would direct the destinies of over 35000 hotel and restaurant workers. By 1940 Maddox alone was in control of local 450 of the Bartenders, Waiters, Waitresses, and Miscellaneous Workers' union at 2137 South Cicero Avenue, Cicero. He was listed in the local’s books as a member and officer and in 1941 he was a delegate at the International's convention in Cincinnati, Ohio as a representative of local 450. When the news reporters learned about Maddox’s involvement they asked William Kerr, the secretary-treasurer of the Cicero local, if this was true? Kerr denied any connection between Maddox and his union but the records and investigations said otherwise. They even took control over Local 450 with the help of Romano, who also installed himself as head of Local 278 of the Bartenders Union in Chicago. 

In reality, it was the Chicago Crime Commission which labeled all of these fellas as public enemies and the media also quickly labeled them as the Big Four.

The whole thing crumbled when Nitto killed himself in 1943 and later all of the top administration went to jail regarding union racketeering. And that same year Stanton was also eliminated and the only two guys who remained at the top were Maddox and Humphreys. When Maddox went to prison in 1957 and died the next year, Humphreys received the last word on all union activities until his death in 1965.

And what about Mike Carrozzo. I think he was one of the main unions guys

[Villain]

Man that was a great read.

It's only when you get into the nuts and bolts of it do you realise what complete assholes these guys like Humphreys and the outfit were/are.

Great rackateers yes, geniuses, but when they meet thier maker.....ouch.

Thanks man and i get what you're saying and you're right. But some of these fellas used to be like gladiators, meaning according to some written material some guys (obviously the ones who avoided being killed) never showed any regrets while being on their deathbeds and in the presence of a priest. In other words, some entered "Hell" with their heads up

Great, as always, Vil. Please, tell something more about the Outfit and unions, especially about so-called "Big Four"

Thanks man. As you probably read that the so-called Big Four of the Outfit was formed by Murray Humphreys, Claude Maddox, Danny Stanton and above all Frank Nitto. You see, during the 1930s Nitto was the leading figure in taking over the unions, especially the movie and theatre. But he also had jurisdiction over the rest of the members who were involved in it or in other words, Nitto had the last word on all union matters with his right hand man Louis Romano and also possibly with one Anthony D'Andrea. This was the main reason for which the media and the cops thought that Nitto was the boss and the second reason came later with the testimony of Willie Bioff regarding the Hollywood extortion case.

For example, by the mid 1930’s the president of Chicago Moving Picture Operators union Thomas Malloy was killed and the main suspect was Maddox. Also by the late 1930’s Maddox together with Stanton took over the AFL Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union and the Bartenders International League of America. Maddox and Stanton controlled the Chicago Hotel and Restaurant Employees Local Joint Board and District Craft Council, in which all of the International's local unions held membership. The two gangsters plan was to destroy the local autonomy of all the member locals by setting up a master contract for negotiations with employers, thus the council would direct the destinies of over 35000 hotel and restaurant workers. By 1940 Maddox alone was in control of local 450 of the Bartenders, Waiters, Waitresses, and Miscellaneous Workers' union at 2137 South Cicero Avenue, Cicero. He was listed in the local’s books as a member and officer and in 1941 he was a delegate at the International's convention in Cincinnati, Ohio as a representative of local 450. When the news reporters learned about Maddox’s involvement they asked William Kerr, the secretary-treasurer of the Cicero local, if this was true? Kerr denied any connection between Maddox and his union but the records and investigations said otherwise. They even took control over Local 450 with the help of Romano, who also installed himself as head of Local 278 of the Bartenders Union in Chicago. 

In reality, it was the Chicago Crime Commission which labeled all of these fellas as public enemies and the media also quickly labeled them as the Big Four.

The whole thing crumbled when Nitto killed himself in 1943 and later all of the top administration went to jail regarding union racketeering. And that same year Stanton was also eliminated and the only two guys who remained at the top were Maddox and Humphreys. When Maddox went to prison in 1957 and died the next year, Humphreys received the last word on all union activities until his death in 1965.

And what about Mike Carrozzo. I think he was one of the main unions guys

Thats right, i completely forgot about him and i think he died in 1940 or 41. I also think that he took over Maurice Enrights union racket before Prohibition took place or maybe it was something like 1920 and he was possibly the one who brought Nitto into the same racket. Good call man